Critically Ill Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients Exhibit Hyperactive Cytokine Responses Associated With Effector Exhausted Senescent T Cells in Acute Infection.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can progress to severe pneumonia with respiratory failure and is aggravated by the deregulation of the immune system causing an excessive inflammation including the cytokine storm. METHODS: In this study, we report that severe acutely infected patients have high levels of both type-1 and type-2 cytokines. RESULTS: Our results show abnormal cytokine levels upon T-cell stimulation, in a nonpolarized profile. Furthermore, our findings indicate that this hyperactive cytokine response is associated with a significantly increased frequency of late-differentiated T cells with particular phenotype of effector exhausted/senescent CD28-CD57+ cells. Of note, we demonstrated for the first time an increased frequency of CD3+CD4+CD28-CD57+ T cells with expression of programmed death 1, one of the hallmarks of T-cell exhaustion. CONCLUSIONS: These findings reveal that COVID-19 is associated with acute immunodeficiency, especially within the CD4+ T-cell compartment, and points to possible mechanisms of loss of clonal repertoire and susceptibility to viral relapse and reinfection events.

Interleukins 1ß and 10 expressions in the periimplant crevicular fluid from patients with untreated periimplant disease.

PURPOSE: To analyze the interleukin (IL)-1ß and IL-10 expressions in periimplant crevicular fluid (PICF) in healthy and diseased regions to elucidate the inflammatory process around implants and its influence on clinical diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: PICF samples from 30 patients were analyzed for IL-1ß and IL-10 concentrations by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Patients were divided in Groups A (health), B (mucositis), and C (periimplantitis). Plaque accumulation, periodontal phenotype (PP), depth on probing, and history of periodontitis (HP) were evaluated. RESULTS: IL-1ß levels were lower in healthy group compared with Groups B (P < 0.0005) and C (P < 0.001). IL-10 levels were higher in Groups A compared with B (P = 0.033) and C (P = 0.0001). Patients with HP and thin PP had 9 and 4.5 times more chance of presenting disease, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Lower IL-1ß and higher IL-10 levels characterized healthy periimplant conditions, which demonstrate the anti-inflammatory predominance in sites without disease signs. IL-10 levels decrease significantly according to increase of disease status. Therefore, its levels can differentiate healthy, mucositis, and periimplantitis. Thin PP and HP are associated with periimplant disease. These findings suggest the use of ILs as a biochemical marker for early diagnosis of periimplant disease.